If I asked you “Which actor played Jack Sparrow in the “Pirates of the Caribbean” series?”, your subsequent memory search would be a recall test. A recognition test involves giving you several alternatives, and asking you to pick the correct answer from among the alternatives. A type of recall called cued recall is similar, but in a cued recall task you are given some information to use as clues, to aid your recall. Recall is the act of trying to retrieve information given no cues to help you search. The two primary ways psychologists measure memory accuracy are recall and recognition. Sometimes, this is because the retrieval conditions aren’t right, as this lab will demonstrate. We all have times (usually during tests) where we know we have the answer to a question, but also know we can’t retrieve it right now. In this lab we’re interested in looking at retrieval failures. They just never encoded that information to begin with. In a recent study, about half of the people in Britain did not know which way the figures on their coins faced. Much of what we call “forgetting” is really just an encoding failure. Drugs, alcohol, and head trauma can all disrupt this consolidation phase and, 3) a retrieval phase, where the stored information is brought back for use. Psychologists who study memory generally recognize three stages in memory: 1) an encoding phase, where the information is first learned and prepared to be remembered 2) a storage or consolidation phase, in which the information is allowed to “gel” in the brain.
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